This contraceptive is different because it is not based on hormones. It stimulates the production of antibodies, which prevent sperm cells from entering the egg. The effectiveness of this remedy extends over approximately two years. It is specifically administered to female elephants after they first have a calf, resulting in a two-year period during which they will not produce any offspring. After this period the drug is broken down.
Why is it only administered after a female has had her first calf?
Elephants exhibit a complex social structure, in which herd behavior and sharing experiences are crucial. By only administering the drug after the birth of the first calf, the young elephant remains able to learn and is supported by older, experienced animals during the process of becoming a mother.
How is the drug administered?
The drug is injected with a dart, adding a dye to identify the treated female elephants. This administration method is done from a helicopter to prevent the animals from developing negative associations with ground vehicles.
What if a female gets the drug twice?
Since the drug is not hormonal, it has no negative effects. It remains aimed at stimulating antibodies around the outer layer of the egg, which prevents sperm cells.
What if a male elephant (bull) gets the drug?
In this case, the drug has no effect on the bull's hormone balance. The primary goal remains to create antibodies around the outer layer of the egg to prevent sperm penetration.
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MAKALALI GAME RESERVE - Hoedspruit, Mpumalanga
In response to the urgent need for alternative methods of elephant population control, to traditional methods such as culling and translocation, Makalali's immunocontraception program has introduced a revolutionary biological control method. This program, the first of its kind in Africa, offers a safe, effective and humane approach.
Since May 2000, Makalali has successfully implemented the immunocontraception program in the elephant population, with 23 female elephants individually vaccinated. These animals are closely monitored using identification templates and photographs, with extensive records kept of their behavior and responses to vaccinations. To date, no unusual behaviors or side effects have been observed.
The effectiveness, safety and reversibility of the vaccine have been confirmed by studies in the Kruger National Park. The Makalali study now focuses on establishing the vaccine's reliability in controlling population growth. A minimal growth rate has been maintained since August 2002, which is promising for the use of this vaccine in regulating elephant population growth in smaller reserves.
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